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With recent news of the college cheating scandal in which parents allegedly paid for their children to gain entrance to the most , increased attention has been placed on the extreme and even illegal measures parents will take to ensure their children are successful.

Parenting trends that protect children from negative experiences and failure are far from new. The concept of “helicopter parenting” emerged in the 1980s to describe overly anxious parents who  to keep them safe.

A second parenting trend called  was later coined to describe overly invested parents who spend unprecedented amounts of time and money on their children’s activities and well-being — to ensure they have the best start in life.

More recently,  parenting describes parents who are hyper-focused on their child’s future and will do anything to eliminate barriers to their children’s success, much like the allegations against parents in the U.S. college entrance scandal.

Ultimately, the goal of these parenting styles is to reduce a child’s exposure to hurt, distress, failure or a difficult life experience. But in the end, does this help or hinder kids? If they don’t experience adversity, how will they ever know how to overcome it when they inevitably face it in life?

Bubble-wrapping kids doesn’t work

Research has shown that helicopter or bulldozer style parenting is associated with poor outcomes in children and adolescents, including  and .

Children of helicopter and bulldozer parents have also been shown to be less resilient. For example, they do not seem to develop some of the .

College students who described their parents as helicopter parents show .

In contrast, parents who support their child’s autonomy by valuing their perspective and promoting independent problem-solving do  and well-being.

When kids fail, it builds confidence

Resilience has been defined as the  or difficulties and is a characteristic that is learned and fostered over time. By definition, then, a child needs to experience adversity to learn to overcome it.

Children rely on supportive relationships and experiences within their families, schools and communities to help them develop the necessary skills to successfully navigate minor challenges and problems. When these are present, overcoming challenges or “bouncing back” is easier to do.

The types of adversity children can experience . For children, mild forms of adversity can include going to a new school or camp or meeting new people. Moderate stress can include more serious events, such as natural disasters or losing a loved one. Severe stress or  includes abuse and neglect.

Of course, we want to shelter and protect children from moderate and severe stresses as much as possible. Research is clear that experiencing high levels of adversity like  are associated with .

But what about small, everyday difficulties like losing a game, failing at an activity, doing poorly on a test or struggling to learn something new? These are the types of stresses that we need to allow our children to experience, and with our help, learn to overcome. Research shows this .

Tips for promoting resilience in children

1. Foster a loving and positive relationship with your child, one where they feel safe to reach out to you when they need help rather than trying to tackle a problem alone.

2. Help your child develop other relationships in their families and communities that are supportive and caring. Healthy relationships with extended family, neighbours, coaches, teachers and friends can help buffer the child from mild, moderate and .

3. Model and support problem-solving. Our first instinct is often to jump in to resolve or fix our child’s problem. Instead, try to step back, focus on the process and help your child find a few solutions to their problem. Get them to pick what they think is the best solution, and then once they implement it, ask them how they think it went and what they might do differently next time.

4. Encourage children to participate in extra-curricular activities that take them out of their comfort zone, or involve the development of a new skill. This is mildly stressful for children but gives them an opportunity to try something new and learn from the experience, while being supported in the process.

5. Help your child to develop confidence by praising them honestly for hard work and persistence. Reward the process, not the outcome.

The  provides further background and tips.